Enhanced Healing Activity of Manuka Honey and Nitrofurazone Composite in Full-Thickness Burn Wounds in the Rabbit Model.

Burns cause many significant changes in metabolism and inflammatory reactions, leading to poor regeneration in animals and humans. A list of medicines to treat burns is available in the market. But due to the high cost of these medicines, these are unaffordable, especially for farmers of middle-class families of Africa and Asia. Therefore, a low-cost complementary treatment has always been a topic of many researchers, and there is a dire need of time for the welfare of animals to save them. The current study was planned to scrutinize the therapeutic effects of Manuka honey and Nitrofurazone ointments on full-thickness burn wounds in the rabbit model. The healing efficacy was performed through wound contraction rate, hematological analysis, the thickness of dermis and epidermis, and collagen content percentage. Histopathology was performed after taking biopsy samples at the end of the research. Based on statistical analysis using wound healing time (days, D), the combination (MO + NT) resulted in a shorter period (27 D ± 1) than the average healing time of controlled (36 ± 2), Manuka ointment (31.33 D ± 1.52), and Nitrofurazone ointment (32 ± 1). A significant decrease in the count of red blood cell (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) in all treatments was noticed mainly in MO + NT. Furthermore, burns induced a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the white blood cells (WBCs) count levels in the MO-treated group. While the level of platelets (PLTs) was not significantly different from the healthy control group. Histopathological assessment (epithelialization, fibrosis, and angiogenesis) of skin showed burn healing to be better in MO and MO + NT groups. In conclusion, the composite of Manuka honey with Nitrofurazone led to the faster recovery than other treatments.

Pathological insights into camel mastitis.

Camel is a multipurpose animal bred to produce milk, meat, and transport and serves as a financial reserve for pastoralists by playing an important role in social prestige and prosperity. Camel milk is a good substitute for human milk because of its exceptional nutritional properties. Udder infections are considered one of the main limitations to camel farming. In recent decades, the disease has been reported by numerous camel-producing countries in Africa and Asia, such as Egypt, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. The current review provides an overview of the forms of camel mastitis, which can be clinical mastitis characterized by hardening and swelling of the breast, pain on palpation, and visible changes in the colour and texture of the milk or subclinical mastitis refers to the presence of inflammation with no obvious signs and it can be detected by indirect tests such as the California mastitis test (CMT), somatic cell count (SCC), and microbiological examination. Major pathogens of camel mastitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Corynebacterium bovis. Regarding the risk factors for camel mastitis, this study provides an overview of the most important risk factors such as severe tick infestation, teat injuries, hygienic milking protocols, and physiological disorders causing mastitis. The use of indirect tests and bacteriological studies as diagnostic tools and their values for detecting camel mastitis will also be reviewed. Based on the above, further epidemiological studies on camel mastitis are needed to have solid scientific data on disease transmission, pathogen characterization, other possible risk factors or diagnostic methods, and the impact of the disease on public health. Proper control strategies should be adopted through early diagnosis, treatment and by avoiding potential risk factors to get good quality milk from camels.

Evidence-Based Tracking of MDR E. coli from Bovine Endometritis and Its Elimination by Effective Novel Therapeutics.

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become the predominant etiology of endometritis and thus require effective treatment approaches. We used ultrasonography coupled with clinical signs and presented complaints of reproductive issues to investigate the epidemiology, phylogenetic analysis, antimicrobial resistance, and development of novel therapeutics against Escherichia coli isolated from endometritis in bovine (n = 304 from 10 commercial dairy farms). The prevalence of bovine endometritis in this study was 43.75%, while among these, 72.18% samples were positive for E. coli. Nucleotide analysis performed through BLAST and MEGAX showed 98% similarity to the nucleotide sequence of the reference E. coli strain (accession number CP067311.1). The disk diffusion assay revealed pathogen resistance to most antibiotics. Pattern of MIC order of resistance was as follows: enrofloxacin < gentamicin < co-amoxiclav < streptomycin < amoxicillin < metronidazole < oxytetracycline. Field trials revealed the highest recovery rate (in terms of clearance of endometritis and establishment of pregnancy) in case of gentamicin + enrofloxacin (100%) and gentamicin alone (100%), followed by co-amoxiclav + gentamicin (84.61%), oxytetracycline alone (78.57%), and metronidazole + enrofloxacin (33.33%). Hence, the current study reported a higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli showing considerable similarity with reference strain, and finally, the effective response of novel antibiotics to treat cases.

Bringing resistance modulation to epidemic methicillin resistant S. aureus of dairy through antibiotics coupled metallic oxide nanoparticles.

The current study probed methicillin resistant S. aureus from milk of different dairy farms along with its response to multiple antibiotics, assessment of risk factors, and response to antibiotic coupled nanoparticle. XRD of Np was confirmed as miller indices (hkl) values i.e. (101), (100), (002), (110), (012) and (013) while STEM finally revealed 40-60 nm nanorods in aggregated form. Total of 6 preparations viz a viz gentamicin (G), chloramphenicol (C), zinc oxide nanoparticle (Np), gentamicin coupled Np (GNp), chloramphenicol coupled Np (CNp), and simultaneously coupling of gentamicin and chloramphenicol on Np (GCNp) were formulated for their potential to bring resistance modulation. Data analysis of this study revealed 24.59% MRSA from dairy milk appearing potentially associated (OR> 1, p < 0.05) with most of assumed risk factors. MRSA in response to various antibiotics showed highest resistance against amoxicillin (100%), penicillin (100%), vancomycin (100%), and linezolid (90%). Zone of inhibitions were increased by 249.76% (GNp), 184.86% (CNp), and 279.76% (GCNp) in case of coupled preparations. Significant reduced minimum inhibitory concentration was observed in case of GCNp (7.8125 ± 0.00 µg/mL) followed by GNp (15.00 ± 0.00 µg/mL) and CNp (41.67 ± 18.042 µg/mL) as compared to Np alone (125.00 ± 0.00 µg/mL). Minimum bactericidal concentrations for GCNp, GNp, and CNp, and Np were 31.125, 62.5, 125, and 500 µg/mL, respectively. The study thus concluded increased prevalence of MRSA while coupling of ZnO nanoparticles with antibiotics significantly brought resistance modulation to MRSA.

Phylogeny of hospital acquired MRSA, and its comparative phenotypic clinico-epidemiology with vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA).

Staphylococcus aureus is emerging as complicated pathogen because of its wide-ranging origin, multiple variants, and compromised antibiotic susceptibilities. Current study was planned to find lineage of hospital acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA), and its comparative phenotypic clinico-epidemiology with vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA). A total of (n = 200) samples were aseptically collected from wound, nose, and cerebrospinal fluid of patients from metropolitan and rural background hospitals along with on spot filling in of questionnaire. Phylogenetic analysis of HA-MRSA was identified by targeting mecA gene in S. aureus. At optimal tree branch length of 1.91 and evolutionary distance 0.1, high level sequence similarity (97%-99%) was observed with different strains of S. aureus isolated from both human and animal. Non-descriptive statistics at 5% probability found 61% S. aureus, while 43.44% of them were HA-MRSA, 92.62% VRSA, and 42.62% were both MRSA and VRSA. Among assumed risk factors, use of antibiotics, venous catheterization, chronic disease, pre-hospital visits, and ICU admitted patients showed significant association (p<0.05) with pathogen. HA-MRSA was 37.50%, 80%, and 37.50% sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and oxacillin, respectively. While <50% of VRSA were sensitive against oxacillin, enoxacin, and chloramphenicol. A significant difference (p<0.05) of percentage responses of MRSA and VRSA at resistant, intermediate, and sensitive cadre against all antibiotics except chloramphenicol was obvious in this study. The Current study concluded higher prevalence of MRSA & VRSA, significant association of risk factors, limiting antibiotic susceptibility profile, and genetic transfer at animal-human interface which suggests further studies cum preventive strategies to be planned.

Antimicrobial resistance modulation of MDR E. coli by antibiotic coated ZnO nanoparticles.

We evaluated three types of total six preparations against multidrug resistant E. coli i) three antibiotic coated ZnO nanoparticles (gentamicin coated nanoparticle-GNp; chloramphenicol coated nanoparticles-CNp; and both gentamicin & chloramphenicol coated nanoparticle-GCNp), ii) ZnO nanoparticle alone-Np, and iii) two antibiotics used in single (Gentamicin-G; and Chloramphenicol-C). A total of n = 200 sub-clinically positive mastitic milk samples of bovine origin were processed for isolation of MDR E. coli using microbiological and clinical laboratory & standard institute's protocols. ZnO Nps were prepared from zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn (CH3COO)2. 2H2O), polyethylene glycol (C2nH4n+2On+1), and urea (CH4N2O) by standard chemical protocol. Nps were characterized by XRD and STEM analyses while coating of antibiotics on Nps was confirmed by UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis. Analysis of variance and student t-test were applied at 5% probability using SPSS version 22 statistical software for inferences on obtained data. There was significantly (p < 0.05) lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and highest zone of inhibitions (ZOIs) in case of GCNp (10.42 ± 4.51 µg/mL & 22.00 ± 1.00 mm) followed by GNp (20.79 ± 8.95 µg/mL & 20.00 ± 1.00 mm) and then CNp (25.96 ± 8.95 µg/mL & 12.33 ± 0.57 mm). Percentage increase in ZOI were expressed as 135.8, 78.43, and 312.76% by GCNp when compared with that of G, C, and Np, respectively. GNp and CNp coated preparations exhibited 114.36 and 275.73% increase in ZOI than to that of G and C, respectively. Similar trend was found in percentage reduction of MICs of preparations. Highest filamentation, indicator of bacterial damage, of E. coli was noted at MIC of GCNp followed by GNp and CNp. The study concluded antibiotic coated ZnO nanoparticles significant candidates modulating antibiotic resistance in MDR E. coli.